| Material | serum or heparin plasma 0.5 ml |
| Method | ISE |
| Duration | 1 day |
| Remark | - It is the most important extracellular anion and decisive for the maintenance of the osmotic balance.
- Decreased levels occur in diseases which cause hyponatraemia, e.g. vomiting, abomasal reflux in case of abomasal displacement diarrhoea, and metabolic alkalosis.
- Ruminants: Increased levels are found in all diseases which also cause hypernatraemia. The most common causes are dehydration and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.
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