{"id":1523539,"date":"2024-11-14T12:54:53","date_gmt":"2024-11-14T11:54:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/mycoplasma-infections-in-small-mammals\/"},"modified":"2025-07-24T12:16:35","modified_gmt":"2025-07-24T10:16:35","slug":"mycoplasma-infections-in-small-mammals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/mycoplasma-infections-in-small-mammals\/","title":{"rendered":"Mycoplasma Infections in Small Mammals"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column width=&raquo;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&raquo;&raquo;]Rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and other small animals are popular pets and daily patients in our small animal practices. As in all animals, mycoplasmas are also of great importance in small mammals. They are usually host-specific, so that different mycoplasma species have clinical relevance for (almost) every animal species.<\/p>\n<h2>Mycoplasma \u2012 a special bacteria<\/h2>\n<p>Mycoplasmas are gram-negative bacteria. They are facultative aerobes and obligate parasites. They are unique mainly because of the absence of a cell wall \u2013 they are only bounded by a cytoplasmic membrane. They are also the smallest self-replicating organisms. They prefer the epithelia of the respiratory and urogenital tracts, articular cartilage, eyes, and mammary glands. Mycoplasma infections are chronic.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Note: <\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The terminology is currently changing; in some places, <em>Mycoplasma <\/em>has already become <em>Mycoplasmopsis<\/em>. For the sake of simplicity, we will use the term <em>Mycoplasma <\/em>for all pathogens in this article.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Due to their morphological peculiarities, mycoplasmas can only be cultured under very special conditions. This is a lengthy and expensive process that is not relevant for routine diagnostics. Serology can only be used for a few mycoplasma species, but since seroconversion can take months and does not provide any information about clinical relevance, it is not a suitable diagnostic tool in cases of illness. The rapid and reliable detection of mycoplasma infections is possible using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Important: <\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">For diagnostics using PCR, we require a dry swab (without transport medium) from the oropharynx\/conjunctiva or a sample of fluid (bronchoalveolar lavage or nasal wash). The samples must be taken before treatment begins! It is not possible to create an antibiogram after a positive PCR result.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Thirteen of the currently 159 classified species of the genus Mycoplasma are associated with small mammals (as of 2022, see Table 1). Of these 13 species, only a few are truly clinically relevant, and we will take a closer look at them below.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&raquo;1\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&raquo;&raquo;]<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<style type='text\/css'>\n\t\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='dt-gallery-container gallery galleryid-1523539 gallery-columns-1 gallery-size-large'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"rollover rollover-zoom dt-pswp-item\" title=\"\" data-dt-img-description=\"LABOKLIN aktuell | &lt;b&gt;Fig. 1:&lt;\/b&gt; Prevalence of M. pulmonis detected by PCR in small mammals in 2021, 2022 and 2023 (n total = 496)\" data-large_image_width=\"508\" data-large_image_height=\"341\"href='https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of_M_pulmonis_small_mammals.png'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"508\" height=\"341\" src=\"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of_M_pulmonis_small_mammals.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Prevalence of M. pulmonis detected by PCR in small mammals in 2021, 2022 and 2023 (n total = 496)\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1523517\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of_M_pulmonis_small_mammals.png 508w, https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of_M_pulmonis_small_mammals-300x201.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1523517'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<b>Fig. 1:<\/b> Prevalence of M. pulmonis detected by PCR in small mammals in 2021, 2022 and 2023 (n total = 496)\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"rollover rollover-zoom dt-pswp-item\" title=\"\" data-dt-img-description=\"LABOKLIN aktuell | &lt;b&gt;Fig. 2:&lt;\/b&gt; Prevalence of M.pulmonis detected by PCR in rats and mice, in 2021, 2022 and 2023 (n total = 281)\" data-large_image_width=\"508\" data-large_image_height=\"345\"href='https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of-M_pulmonis_rats-mice.png'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"508\" height=\"345\" src=\"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of-M_pulmonis_rats-mice.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Prevalence of M.pulmonis detected by PCR in rats and mice, in 2021, 2022 and 2023 (n total = 281)\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1523500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of-M_pulmonis_rats-mice.png 508w, https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of-M_pulmonis_rats-mice-300x204.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1523500'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<b>Fig. 2:<\/b> Prevalence of M.pulmonis detected by PCR in rats and mice, in 2021, 2022 and 2023 (n total = 281)\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"rollover rollover-zoom dt-pswp-item\" title=\"\" data-dt-img-description=\"LABOKLIN aktuell | &lt;b&gt;Fig. 3:&lt;\/b&gt; Prevalence of M. caviae detected by PCR in respiratory samples from guinea pigs in 2021, 2022, 2023 (n total = 171)\" data-large_image_width=\"519\" data-large_image_height=\"317\"href='https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of_M_caviae.png'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"519\" height=\"317\" src=\"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of_M_caviae.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-1523483\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of_M_caviae.png 519w, https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Prevalence_of_M_caviae-300x183.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 519px) 100vw, 519px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-1523483'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<b>Fig. 3:<\/b> Prevalence of M. caviae detected by PCR in respiratory samples from guinea pigs in 2021, 2022, 2023 (n total = 171)\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column css=&raquo;.vc_custom_1731585602108{margin-top: 10px !important;}&raquo;][vc_column_text css=&raquo;&raquo;]<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody valign=\"top\">\n<tr bgcolor=\"e51e1e\">\n<td width=\"262\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Pathogen<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Disease<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"209\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Species<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><strong><em>Mycoplasma<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>pulmonis<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">murine respiratory mycoplasmosis (MRM), genital tract infections, arthritis<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Mouse, Rat, Rabbit (Guinea Pig, Syrian Hamster, Human)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><em>Mycoplasma arthritidis<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">mostly subclinical, rarely arthritis<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Mouse, Rat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><em>Mycoplasma neurolyticum<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">&laquo;rolling mouse syndrome,&raquo; only experimental, no known natural infections<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Mouse, Rat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><em>Mycoplasma collis<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">conjunctivitis (one report from 1980)<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Mouse, Rat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><em>Mycoplasma muris<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">none known<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Mouse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><em>Mycoplasma coccoides<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">mostly subclinical, rarely hemolytic anemia<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Mouse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><em>Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomurismusculi<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">mostly subclinical, rarely hemolytic anemia<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Mouse (Wild rodents)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><em>Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris ssp. ratti<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">mostly subclinical, rarely hemolytic anemia<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Rat (Wild rodents)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><em>Candidatus Mycoplasma ravipulmonis<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">grey lung disease<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Laboratory Mice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><strong><em>Mycoplasma<\/em><\/strong> <strong><em>caviae<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">respiratory diseases<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Guinea Pig<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><em>Mycoplasma cavipharyngis<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">none known<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Guinea Pig<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><em>Mycoplasma cricetulli<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">none known<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Chinese Hamster<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"262\"><em>Mycoplasma oxeniensis<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"214\">none known<\/td>\n<td width=\"209\">Chinese Hamster<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Table 1: <\/strong>Classified Mycoplasma species in small mammals \u2013 <em>M. pulmonis <\/em>and <em>M. cavie <\/em>are of particular clinical relevance; (Image source: Klas, E-M., Liebscher)<\/p>\n<h2>Mycoplasma pulmonis<\/h2>\n<p><em>Mycoplasma (M.) pulmonis <\/em>is the causative agent of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis and is considered the most important pathogen in respiratory diseases of rats and mice. The signs of disease range from non-specific symptoms, such as reduced general well-being and weight loss, to rhinitis, otitis, dyspnoea, and severe pneumonia. In addition, arthritis and fertility disorders such as endometritis and salpingitis occur in connection with <em>M. pulmonis <\/em>infections (especially in rats).<\/p>\n<p><em>M. pulmonis <\/em>has also been detected in guinea pigs, rabbits, and hamsters. However, a connection with respiratory symptoms has only been established in rabbits; so far, this has been more common in food-supplying animals than in pets. At the moment, it is assumed that <em>M. pulmonis <\/em>does not cause disease in humans, although it has been detected (serologically and directly by PCR) in humans.<br \/>\nIn the differential diagnosis of disease in rats, <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium kutscheri<\/em>, and <em>Filobacterium rodentium <\/em>(CAR bacillus) are of particular importance.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Important: <\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">All illnesses caused by mycoplasmas are<\/span> <strong>factor illnesses<\/strong>. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Stress, vitamin deficiency, poor husbandry conditions, or other infections favour an illness and worsen the clinical course.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>We evaluated 496 <em>M. pulmonis <\/em>PCR tests from submissions between 2021 and 2023. Of these 496 tests, 221 were positive, which corresponds to 44.6%. Looking at the individual years, 43.4% (85\/196) were positive in 2021, while <em>M. pulmonis <\/em>was detected in 48.2% (94\/195) in 2022 and 40% (42\/105) in 2023 (Fig. 1). PCR tests were carried out on many different small mammals, including rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, gerbils, hamsters, and other species. Since the pathogen mainly plays a role in mice and rats, we looked at these species separately (Fig. 2). Here, a total of 77.6% (218\/281) of the submissions were positive. This is consistent with the literature, which reports a prevalence of 70% in pet rats (PCR detection). <em>M. pulmonis <\/em>should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of rats and mice with respiratory symptoms.<\/p>\n<h2>Mycoplasma caviae<\/h2>\n<p>This pathogen has only recently been the subject of increased attention, although it was first described in the 1900s. <em>M. caviae <\/em>is responsible for symptoms in guinea pigs that are similar to those of <em>M. pulmonis <\/em>in mice and rats: anorexia, lethargy, rhinitis, dyspnoea, and severe interstitial pneumonia. Here, too, arthritis and fertility disorders (metritis) are possible. In addition, conjunctivitis and lymphadenitis have been described. Differential diagnoses are mainly infections with <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae <\/em>and <em>Bordetella bronchiseptica<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>We retrospectively examined a total of 171 samples (nasal and\/or throat swabs, rinses) from guinea pigs from 2021 to 2023. <em>M. caviae <\/em>was detected in 9.3% (5\/54) of the samples in 2021, in 6.8% (3\/44) in 2022, and in 5.5% (4\/73) of the samples in 2023 (Fig. 3). Overall, 7% (12\/171) of the guinea pigs examined were <em>M. caviae <\/em>positive. Since these investigations were carried out without any specific mandate and without any prior knowledge of the respective guinea pigs, the actual prevalence is presumably higher. The only data available from the literature dates from 1971, when the prevalence was 10%.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Note<\/strong>:<span style=\"color: #000000;\"> It has only recently become possible to detect <em>Mycoplasma caviae <\/em>using PCR.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Mycoplasma spp.<\/h2>\n<p>To date, no mycoplasma species has been described in rabbits, but <em>Mycoplasma spp. <\/em>have been detected in rabbits with respiratory symptoms. They may be involved in the so-called \u201crabbit rhinitis complex.\u201d Here, too, the symptoms range from weight loss, apathy, nasal discharge, and dyspnoea to pneumonia. Furthermore, mycoplasmas have been detected in conjunction with conjunctivitis, so the detection of <em>Mycoplasma spp. <\/em>is particularly useful in rabbits with respiratory or eye problems. Differential diagnoses would include, in particular, pathogens from the <em>Pasteurellaceae <\/em>or <em>Enterobacteriaceae <\/em>family and <em>Pseudomonas spp..<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">The main differential diagnoses for mycoplasma are other bacteria. In addition to the specific mycoplasma PCR, a culture examination is particularly useful in animals with respiratory symptoms. For this, an additional swab with transport medium is needed.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion:<\/h2>\n<p>In particular, in small mammals with respiratory symptoms, a mycoplasma infection is a possible differential diagnosis; this applies especially to rats and mice. Mycoplasma infections are factor diseases, and mycoplasma detection is only necessary in conjunction with clinical symptoms. PCR is the detection method of choice (from smears without transport medium or rinsing samples).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Dr Eva-Maria Klas<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Range<\/strong> <strong>of<\/strong> <strong>services:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>8189 <em>Mycoplasma pulmonis <\/em>PCR<br \/>\n8885 <em>Mycoplasma caviae <\/em>PCR<br \/>\n<strong>NEW!! <\/strong>8897 <em>Mycoplasma spp. <\/em>PCR (rabbit)<br \/>\n8801 Respiratory tract profile, rat\/mouse (<em>M. pulmonis, Bordetella bronchseptica<\/em>)<br \/>\n8278 Respiratory tract profile<br \/>\n(Bacteriology + PCR: <em>Bordetella bronchiseptica, <\/em><em>Pasteurella multocida Toxinbildner, Mycoplasma spp)<\/em>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=&raquo;vc_default&raquo; gap=&raquo;10&#8243; css=&raquo;.vc_custom_1724670898080{margin-top: 30px !important;}&raquo;][vc_column width=&raquo;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&raquo;&raquo;]<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Further<\/strong> <strong>reading<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<h6><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><strong>Klas E-M, Liebscher Atemwegsassoziierte Mykoplasmeninfektionen beim Kleins\u00e4uger. Kleintier konkret 2024; 27 (S 01):12-26. DOI: 10.1055\/a-2241-4125<\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h6><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><strong>Klas E-M, Kaiser E-M, Scherzer J, Kerner K, M\u00fcller E. Etablierung einer PCR zum Nachweis von Mycoplasma caviae und die Nachweish\u00e4ufigkeit beim Meerschweinchen, Poster pr\u00e4sentiert auf der 32. Jahrestagung der DVG-Fachgruppe Innlab; 2024 Feb 02-03; Hannover, Deutschland<\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h6><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><strong>Balzey, B., Mykoplasmenpneumonie des Meerschweinchens Ein Bericht aus unserem Laboralltag<a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ua-bw.de\/pub\/beitrag.asp?subid=1&amp;Thema_ID=8&amp;ID=2552\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> https:\/\/www.ua-bw.de\/pub\/beitrag.asp?subid=1&amp;Thema_ID=8&amp;ID=2552<\/a> (05.09.2017)<\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h6><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><strong>Razin S, Yogev D, Naot Y. Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1998; 62: 1094\u20131156. DOI: 10.1128\/mmbr.62.4.1094-1156.1998<\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&raquo;1\/2&#8243;][vc_row_inner equal_height=&raquo;yes&raquo; content_placement=&raquo;middle&raquo; gap=&raquo;10&#8243;][vc_column_inner width=&raquo;1\/4&#8243; css=&raquo;.vc_custom_1724669142613{background-color: #e7e7e7 !important;}&raquo;][vc_icon icon_fontawesome=&raquo;fas fa-file-pdf&raquo; color=&raquo;custom&raquo; size=&raquo;xl&raquo; align=&raquo;center&raquo; css=&raquo;.vc_custom_1731584630901{margin-top: 10px !important;margin-bottom: 10px !important;padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;}&raquo; custom_color=&raquo;#e51e1e&raquo; link=&raquo;url:https%3A%2F%2Flaboklin.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F11%2FMycoplasma_Infections_in_Small_Mammals_LA_0824.pdf|target:_blank&raquo;][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&raquo;3\/4&#8243; css=&raquo;.vc_custom_1724669149757{background-color: #e7e7e7 !important;}&raquo;][vc_column_text css=&raquo;.vc_custom_1731584650051{margin-top: 20px !important;margin-bottom: 20px !important;padding-top: 10px !important;padding-bottom: 10px !important;}&raquo;]<a href=\"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Mycoplasma_Infections_in_Small_Mammals_LA_0824.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Mycoplasma Infections in Small Mammals<\/strong><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and other small animals are popular pets and daily patients in our small animal practices. As in all animals, mycoplasmas are also of great importance in small mammals. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":1523449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"%%post_title%%","_seopress_titles_desc":"%%post_excerpt%%","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[465],"tags":[],"table_tags":[],"class_list":["post-1523539","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-laboklin-aktuell-2024","category-465","description-off"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1523539","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/30"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1523539"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1523539\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1532246,"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1523539\/revisions\/1532246"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1523449"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1523539"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1523539"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1523539"},{"taxonomy":"table_tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/laboklin.com\/no\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/table_tags?post=1523539"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}