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	<title>LABOKLIN aktuell Dermatology 2024 &#8211; LABOKLIN Europe</title>
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		<title>L&#8217;immunothérapie spécifique aux allergènes (ASIT) chez le chien &#8211; quelles sont les raisons d&#8217;un arrêt du traitement et comment peut-on optimiser le succès du traitement ?</title>
		<link>https://laboklin.com/fr/asit-chien/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nadja Hartmann]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Nov 2024 11:42:54 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[LABOKLIN aktuell Dermatology 2024]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[L'immunothérapie spécifique aux allergènes (ASIT, hyposensibilisation) est la seule forme de thérapie causale dans le traitement de la dermatite autopique canine (DAC). ]]></description>
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			<p>L&rsquo;immunothérapie spécifique aux allergènes (ASIT, hyposensibilisation) est la seule forme de thérapie causale dans le traitement de la dermatite autopique canine (DAC). La DAC est une maladie inflammatoire chronique de la peau chez le chien provoquée par une réaction allergique à des allergènes environnementaux. Cette maladie ne peut pas être guérie, mais seulement contrôlée et nécessite une prise en charge à vie.</p>
<p>L&rsquo;ASIT est une forme de traitement efficace et sûre. Les chiens traités avec succès ont des symptômes considérablement réduits ou sont même complètement asymptomatiques. De nombreuses études ont démontré le succès du traitement dans deux tiers des cas en moyenne des chiens traités. L&rsquo;administration d&rsquo;un extrait contenant les allergènes déclencheurs permet de moduler la réponse immunologique aux allergènes environnementaux. Le protocole conventionnel de l&rsquo;ASIT consiste en des injections sous-cutanées de l&rsquo;extrait, administrées à des intervalles initialement courts, puis prolongés, avec des doses et des concentrations croissantes, pendant quelques semaines à quelques mois, selon le protocole (traitement initial, phase d&rsquo;initiation). Le traitement initial est suivi de traitements de suivi (phase d&rsquo;entretien), au cours desquels une quantité constante d&rsquo;extrait est appliquée à intervalles plus longs (généralement 1 ml toutes les 4 semaines).</p>
<p>Selon les lignes directrices de l&rsquo;International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals (ICADA), il est recommandé d&rsquo;effectuer une ASIT pendant au moins 12 mois avant d&rsquo;évaluer le succès clinique.</p>
<p>Si un chien répond avec succès à l&rsquo;ASIT, il est recommandé de poursuivre cette thérapie à long terme, voire à vie.</p>
<p><u>Étude par questionnaire chez Laboklin :</u></p>
<p>L&rsquo;objectif de l&rsquo;étude était de déterminer les raisons pour lesquelles une ASIT était interrompue chez les chiens après la phase d&rsquo;initiation (après le kit de démarrage) ou pendant la phase de maintenance (après au moins un traitement de suivi).<br />
Sur la base des listes de commande de traitements ASIT du laboratoire Laboklin pour les années 2020-2022, des chiens ont été sélectionnés pour lesquels aucun autre traitement ASIT n&rsquo;a été effectué. Ils ont été classés en deux groupes :</p>

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<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/asit-chien/asit_2/'><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/ASIT_2-1024x768.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/ASIT_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/ASIT_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/ASIT_2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/ASIT_2.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>
<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/asit-chien/les_raisons_de_larret_dune_asit_chez_les_chiens_apres_le_kit_de_demarrage/'><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="498" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Les_raisons_de_larret_dune_ASIT_chez_les_chiens_apres_le_kit_de_demarrage-1024x498.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Les_raisons_de_larret_dune_ASIT_chez_les_chiens_apres_le_kit_de_demarrage-1024x498.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Les_raisons_de_larret_dune_ASIT_chez_les_chiens_apres_le_kit_de_demarrage-300x146.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Les_raisons_de_larret_dune_ASIT_chez_les_chiens_apres_le_kit_de_demarrage-768x374.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Les_raisons_de_larret_dune_ASIT_chez_les_chiens_apres_le_kit_de_demarrage.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>
<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/asit-chien/raisons_de_larret_dune_asit_chez_les_chiens_apres_au_moins_un_traitement_de_suivi/'><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="511" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Raisons_de_larret_dune_ASIT_chez_les_chiens_apres_au_moins_un_traitement_de_suivi-1024x511.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Raisons_de_larret_dune_ASIT_chez_les_chiens_apres_au_moins_un_traitement_de_suivi-1024x511.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Raisons_de_larret_dune_ASIT_chez_les_chiens_apres_au_moins_un_traitement_de_suivi-300x150.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Raisons_de_larret_dune_ASIT_chez_les_chiens_apres_au_moins_un_traitement_de_suivi-768x383.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Raisons_de_larret_dune_ASIT_chez_les_chiens_apres_au_moins_un_traitement_de_suivi.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>


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			<p><u>Groupe 1</u> (abandon après le kit de démarrage) : ce groupe comprend les chiens pour lesquels l&rsquo;ASIT a été abandonné après le traitement initial. Sur 2208 traitements initiaux, 930 (42,1 %) n&rsquo;ont pas fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une demande de traitement de suivi.</p>
<p><u>Groupe 2</u> (abandon après au moins un traitement de suivi) : ce groupe comprend les chiens pour lesquels l&rsquo;ASIT a été arrêtée pendant la phase de maintien. Pour 1230 des 3662 traitements de suivi ASIT commandés (33,6 %), aucun autre traitement de suivi n&rsquo;a été commandé.</p>
<p>Afin de connaître les raisons de l&rsquo;arrêt de l&rsquo;ASIT, les vétérinaires traitants ont été contactés par téléphone ou par le biais de questionnaires écrits. Plusieurs raisons possibles pouvaient être sélectionnées par les vétérinaires. Les données recueillies ont été analysées de manière descriptive et statistique.</p>
<h2>Les raisons de l&rsquo;abandon de l&rsquo;ASIT :</h2>
<p><em>Abandon après le kit de démarrage (groupe 1, fig. 1) :</em></p>
<p>247 réponses avec 259 raisons citées dans les réponses ont été évaluées, pourquoi il n&rsquo;y a pas eu de suivi après le premier traitement. Les patients (n = 9) pour lesquels aucune autre ASIT n&rsquo;a été commandée parce qu&rsquo;ils étaient décédés n&rsquo;ont pas été pris en compte dans l&rsquo;évaluation. Les trois raisons les plus fréquentes étaient le manque de compliance du propriétaire/la perte de contact (36,7%), l&rsquo;amélioration insuffisante/l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;amélioration (21,6%) et l&rsquo;interruption en raison du bon résultat du traitement (10,4%).</p>
<p><em>Abandon après au moins un traitement de suivi (groupe 2, fig. 2) :</em></p>
<p>310 réponses ont été analysées, avec 342 raisons indiquées pour lesquelles aucun autre traitement de suivi n&rsquo;a été effectué. La durée moyenne du traitement ASIT était de 2,4 ans. Les patients (n = 42) pour lesquels aucune autre ASIT n&rsquo;a été commandée parce qu&rsquo;ils étaient décédés n&rsquo;ont pas été pris en compte dans l&rsquo;évaluation. Les trois raisons les plus fréquentes étaient le manque de compliance du propriétaire/la perte de contact (30,4%), l&rsquo;amélioration insuffisante/l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;amélioration (23,7%) et l&rsquo;arrêt en raison du bon résultat du traitement (19%).</p>
<h2>Comment peut-on réduire les interruptions de l&rsquo;ASIT et optimiser le succès du traitement de l&rsquo;ASIT ?</h2>
<p>Les premiers traitements s&rsquo;étalent généralement sur une période de six mois, ce qui est bien moins que la période recommandée de 12 mois pour pouvoir évaluer le succès. Il peut s&rsquo;écouler jusqu&rsquo;à un an avant que le bénéfice maximal de l&rsquo;ASIT ne se manifeste cliniquement. Dans cette étude de Laboklin, pour plus de 40% des traitements initiaux, aucun traitement de suivi n&rsquo;a été commandé et l&rsquo;ASIT a donc été interrompue prématurément après le traitement initial. Si l&rsquo;ASIT est jugée efficace après un an de traitement, elle devrait être poursuivie à vie. Chez les chiens observés en phase de maintien, l&rsquo;ASIT a été arrêtée dans environ 34% des cas.</p>
<p><em>Manque de conformité du propriétaire/perte de contact</em></p>
<p>La cause la plus fréquente (environ 37 % dans le groupe 1 et environ 30 % dans le groupe 2 était le manque de compliance du propriétaire et/ou la perte de contact entre le vétérinaire/le propriétaire. La compliance du propriétaire (coopération du propriétaire à la mise en œuvre des mesures thérapeutiques recommandées) est un facteur décisif pour le succès du traitement. Les propriétaires devraient être informés en détail du protocole de traitement, de la durée du traitement, de l&rsquo;effet retardé de l&rsquo;ASIT et des coûts prévisibles, afin d&rsquo;optimiser les attentes des propriétaires. Le facteur clé est une communication continue, en particulier au cours de la première année de traitement. Dans une étude de Fennis et al. (2022), les chiens qui ont été présentés régulièrement à un contrôle vétérinaire au cours de la première année de traitement ont montré un taux de réussite significativement plus élevé que les chiens qui n&rsquo;ont pas été contrôlés par un vétérinaire. Des contrôles réguliers peuvent non seulement assurer la communication, mais aussi garantir le suivi continu des patients, ce qui permet de diagnostiquer des infections secondaires ou de procéder à des adaptations du protocole.</p>
<p>Dans le cas de protocoles d&rsquo;induction accélérés et simplifiés (p. ex. protocoles Rush ou cluster et immunothérapie intralymphatique), la dose de maintien est atteinte plus rapidement. Cela pourrait également réduire le délai d&rsquo;action et le temps nécessaire pour que le succès soit cliniquement visible, et donc augmenter la compliance du propriétaire. Un autre avantage de ces protocoles d&rsquo;initiation est également que les injections d&rsquo;ASIT sont effectuées exclusivement par le vétérinaire et que les patients sont placés sous contrôle vétérinaire continu pendant les premiers mois de traitement.</p>
<p><em>Le succès est inférieur aux attentes</em></p>
<p>La deuxième raison la plus fréquente d&rsquo;abandon dans les deux groupes était un succès thérapeutique insuffisant (environ 22 % dans le groupe 1 et environ 24 % dans le groupe 2). Cette raison a également été mentionnée à plusieurs fois en combinaison avec une mauvaise compliance du propriétaire. Le succès du traitement devrait être évalué au plus tôt après un an, c&rsquo;est pourquoi l&rsquo;interruption de l&rsquo;ASIT, en raison de l&rsquo;absence de succès thérapeutique après le premier traitement, est un problème d&rsquo;information &#8211; car ces chiens ont été déclarés trop tôt non-répondeurs. Le vétérinaire devrait communiquer en détail le retard des effets de l&rsquo;ASIT afin d&rsquo;optimiser les attentes des propriétaires et de réduire l&rsquo;interruption prématurée de l&rsquo;ASIT au cours de la première année de traitement, ce qui entraîne par la suite un taux de réussite plus élevé de l&rsquo;ASIT. Des traitements symptomatiques antipruritiques sont souvent nécessaires pendant les premiers mois de l&rsquo;ASIT afin de réduire rapidement les symptômes cliniques jusqu&rsquo;à ce que l&rsquo;effet de l&rsquo;ASIT se fasse sentir.<br />
C&rsquo;est également un facteur qui améliore la compliance du propriétaire. La durée et le dosage des médicaments doivent être aussi faibles que possible. Les démangeaisons devraient être réduites, mais pas complètement disparues. Si les démangeaisons sont complètement supprimées, il n&rsquo;est pas possible de déterminer la nécessité d&rsquo;un ajustement du protocole.</p>
<p>Les taux de réussite de l&rsquo;ASIT après une durée de traitement d&rsquo;au moins un an sont indiqués dans la littérature jusqu&rsquo;à 80% chez les chiens atteints de DAC, ce qui est en bonne corrélation avec les résultats de cette étude (chez environ 24%, le traitement a été arrêté pendant la phase de maintien en raison de son inefficacité).</p>
<p>Dans la plupart des cas, on peut s&rsquo;attendre à ce que le succès maximal du traitement soit visible au cours de la première année de traitement. Si aucune amélioration clinique n&rsquo;est observée après un an de traitement et si les traitements symptomatiques supplémentaires ne peuvent pas être réduits de manière significative, l&rsquo;animal est classé comme non-répondeur et l&rsquo;ASIT peut être arrêtée, car une réponse ultérieure au traitement est peu probable. Il est important de définir correctement le succès : une ASIT est considérée comme réussie lorsque les chiens traités présentent une amélioration de plus de 50% des symptômes cliniques ou lorsque les médicaments symptomatiques supplémentaires nécessaires peuvent être réduits de plus de 50%. La DAC nécessite généralement une approche thérapeutique multimodale, une combinaison de plusieurs options thérapeutiques, afin de pouvoir atteindre une administration optimale. A côté de la prophylaxie ectoparasitaire continue, les chiens souffrant de poussées allergiques aiguës doivent toujours être examinés pour détecter la présence d&rsquo;infections secondaires. Les poussées aiguës nécessitent souvent un traitement symptomatique de courte durée. Afin de pouvoir réduire davantage les médicaments antiprurigineux systémiques, il convient de privilégier un traitement combiné de l&rsquo;ASIT avec des acides gras essentiels, des shampooings hydratants (amélioration de la barrière cutanée) et des produits topiques à base d&rsquo;hydrocortisone.</p>
<p>Avant de classer un chien comme échec thérapeutique, il convient d&rsquo;évaluer très précisément si aucune amélioration n&rsquo;est effectivement observée (échelle de démangeaison, protocole précis de la fréquence des poussées d&rsquo;allergie et des infections secondaires, durée et dosage du traitement symptomatique supplémentaire nécessaire). Quelques personnes interrogées ont indiqué que l&rsquo;ASIT avait été interrompue en raison d&rsquo;un effet insuffisant, mais qu&rsquo;une nouvelle détérioration s&rsquo;était produite après l&rsquo;interruption. Une autre mesure permettant d&rsquo;optimiser le succès du traitement est l&rsquo;adaptation individuelle du protocole en ce qui concerne la quantité injectée et/ou les intervalles de traitement.</p>
<p>De plus, le manque d&rsquo;efficacité du traitement chez les patients individuels pourrait également s&rsquo;expliquer par la présence d&rsquo;autres maladies prurigineuses (par exemple, une allergie alimentaire ou des ectoparasites) qui n&rsquo;ont pas été exclues avant le début de l&rsquo;ASIT. La DAC est un diagnostic d&rsquo;exclusion qui ne doit être posé qu&rsquo;après avoir clarifié les diagnostics différentiels possibles et avant le début de l&rsquo;ASIT.</p>
<p><em>Abandon en cas de réponse positive</em></p>
<p>La troisième raison la plus fréquente de l&rsquo;arrêt de l&rsquo;ASIT dans les deux groupes était que les chiens concernés s&rsquo;étaient améliorés sous l&rsquo;ASIT et que l&rsquo;ASIT avait donc été interrompue (environ 10 % dans le groupe 1 et 19 % dans le groupe 2). La plupart des patients ont besoin d&rsquo;un traitement à vie pour contrôler durablement la DAC. Il existe peu de publications sur l&rsquo;effet à long terme de l&rsquo;ASIT chez les chiens après l&rsquo;arrêt du traitement. Les quelques études non contrôlées ont montré que la plupart des chiens se détérioraient à nouveau après l&rsquo;interruption d&rsquo;une ASIT. Cela a également été rapporté à plusieurs reprises au cours de cette étude. L&rsquo;expérience montre que le redémarrage de l&rsquo;ASIT peut alors être compliqué, des tests d&rsquo;allergie répétés sont souvent nécessaires, il faut recommencer un premier traitement et certains chiens ne répondent plus aussi bien. C&rsquo;est pourquoi il est généralement recommandé de ne pas abandonner l&rsquo;ASIT en cas de succès. Il est toutefois possible d&rsquo;essayer de prolonger individuellement les intervalles entre les injections, ce qui a été indiqué par 8,5% des personnes interrogées dans le groupe 2. Si le succès du traitement est stable pendant plusieurs années en phase d&rsquo;entretien, les intervalles entre les injections peuvent être progressivement prolongés jusqu&rsquo;à 8 semaines.</p>
<p><em>Les effets secondaires</em></p>
<p>Chez environ 6% des patients du groupe 1, l&rsquo;ASIT a été arrêtée en raison d&rsquo;effets secondaires. L&rsquo;effet secondaire le plus fréquent de l&rsquo;ASIT pendant la phase d&rsquo;initiation est une augmentation des démangeaisons après les injections, ce qui correspondait également aux résultats de la présente étude. Si des démangeaisons accrues apparaissent immédiatement après l&rsquo;injection, la quantité d&rsquo;extrait allergénique doit être réduite et le protocole d&rsquo;introduction doit être adapté individuellement. Les propriétaires doivent surveiller attentivement la réaction des chiens aux injections et fournir immédiatement un retour d&rsquo;information au vétérinaire traitant afin de pouvoir adapter le protocole ASIT en cas d&rsquo;effets secondaires.<br />
L&rsquo;équipe Laboklin se tient à votre disposition pour toute question concernant l&rsquo;adaptation du protocole.</p>
<p><em>Les frais</em></p>
<p>Dans cette étude, les coûts ont été la cause de l&rsquo;abandon de l&rsquo;ASIT pour environ 7% dans le groupe 1 et environ 4% dans le groupe 2. Pour les propriétaires, le coût d&rsquo;une ASIT pendant la première année, y compris les frais pour le test d&rsquo;allergie et les contrôles vétérinaires réguliers, semble élevé, mais à long terme, l&rsquo;ASIT est beaucoup plus avantageuse qu&rsquo;un traitement purement symptomatique, même d&rsquo;un point de vue économique. Les patients allergiques mal contrôlés nécessitent à long terme des visites plus fréquentes chez le vétérinaire, des quantités plus importantes de médicaments antiprurigineux et des traitements plus fréquents des infections secondaires, ainsi que des mesures diagnostiques et thérapeutiques en raison des effets secondaires potentiels des médicaments symptomatiques utilisés. Cette information peut également aider à motiver les propriétaires à poursuivre l&rsquo;ASIT pendant toute la première année de traitement ou pendant la phase de maintien, même en cas de succès thérapeutique modéré.</p>
<h2>Résumé</h2>
<p>En résumé, l&rsquo;ASIT est un élément important de la gestion thérapeutique multimodale de la DAC et une forme de thérapie à vie qui nécessite une bonne collaboration entre les propriétaires et les vétérinaires. La première année de traitement nécessite un suivi étroit des patients et constitue une période cruciale pour le succès du traitement.</p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><em>Dr. Elisabeth Reinbacher</em></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<blockquote><p>
<strong>Gamme de prestations &#8211; tests sérologiques d&rsquo;allergie</strong></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000;">Tests d&rsquo;allergie intradermiques</span><br />
<span style="color: #000000;">Immunothérapie spécifique aux allergènes</span>
</p></blockquote>

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			<h5><strong>Autres lectures</strong></h5>
<ol>
<li>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Mueller A systematic review of allergen immunotherapy, a successful therapy for canine atopic dermatitis and feline atopic skin syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023; 24 (261): 30-35.</strong></span></h6>
</li>
<li>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Mueller Update on allergen immunotherapy. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice. 2019;49: 1-7.</strong></span></h6>
</li>
<li>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Olivry T, DeBoer DJ, Favrot C, Jackson HA, Mueller RS, Nuttal T, Prelaud P. Treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: 2015 updated guidelines from the International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals (ICADA). BMC Veterinary Research. 2015;11: 210.</strong></span></h6>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="4">
<li>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Miller J, Simpson A, Bloom P, Diesel A, Friedeck A, Paterson T, Wisecup M, Yu CM. 2023 AAHA Management of Allergic Skin Diseases in Dogs and Cats Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp 2023; 59(6):255-284.</strong></span></h6>
</li>
<li>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Fennis EE, van Damme CM, Schlotter YM, Sinke JD, Leistra MH, Bartels RT, Broere Efficacy of subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy in atopic dogs: A retrospective study of 664 cases. Vet Dermatol. 2022; 33: 321–328.</strong></span></h6>
</li>
</ol>

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<p><a href="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/ASIT_Chien_11-2024.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>L&rsquo;immunothérapie spécifique aux allergènes (ASIT) chez le chien &#8211; quelles sont les raisons d&rsquo;un arrêt du traitement et comment peut-on optimiser le succès du traitement ?</strong></a></p>
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		<title>Pemphigus Foliaceus in Dogs and Cats</title>
		<link>https://laboklin.com/fr/pemphigus-foliaceus-in-dogs-and-cats/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nadja Hartmann]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 12 Nov 2024 10:09:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[LABOKLIN aktuell Dermatology 2024]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://laboklin.com/pemphigus-foliaceus-in-dogs-and-cats/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is the most common autoimmune skin disease in dogs and cats.]]></description>
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			<p><strong>Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) </strong>is the most common autoimmune skin disease in dogs and cats. The primary lesion is a pustule that results from desquamation of keratinocytes (acantholysis) due to antibody-mediated destruction of desmosomes. The distribution pattern of lesions is highly suggestive of PF, especially in the early stages, but further investigation is always needed to confirm the diagnosis.</p>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>The epidermis is composed of a multilayered squamous epithelium. The individual keratinocytes are connected to each other by desmosomes. These cell adhesion molecules are composed of various proteins, such as desmocollin and desmoglein.<br />
Autoantibodies directed against these structures lead to the destruction of the desmosomes and subsequently to acantholysis and the formation of subcorneal pustules. In most cases, the disease develops spontaneously/idiopathically, but there are some factors that can trigger an episode. These are primarily medications such as various antibiotics, but also topical ectoparasiticides and cimetidine in cats. However, only some of the patients experience remission after discontinuing the suspected medications. Increased exposure to ultraviolet light worsens the symptoms. An association between canine atopic dermatitis and the development of PF is also being discussed. However, due to the high prevalence of allergies in dogs and the concurrent use of various medications in allergy sufferers, it is difficult to establish a clear link between the occurrence of PF.</p>
<h2>Clinical signs</h2>
<p>The clinical picture is similar in all species and is often symmetrical. The skin changes are due to the formation of pustules as a result of acantholysis. However, these pustules are very fragile and are therefore not always recognised during dermatological examination. They rupture easily and quickly develop into erosions and crusts, which over time can merge into thick yellowish plaques.<br />
In dogs, the pattern of spread extends from the face, especially the dorsal parts of the nasal planum (Fig. 2), the bridge of the nose, the pinnae (especially on the inside), and periocularly over the neck, abdomen, and back to the paws and pads. The skin in the inguinal region is also often affected.</p>
<p>Cats are almost always (&gt;90%) affected in the facial area (Fig. 3 and Fig. 6), around the muzzle, periocularly, and over the temples up to the ears.<br />
Crusts are often seen on the inner and outer pinnae, and in rare cases, even the ear canal is affected.<br />
Also characteristic of PF in cats are the crumbly to caseous, yellow-green coatings in the nail folds (Fig. 4) and skin changes around the mammary glands. Crusts and hyperkeratosis can also occur on the pads. However, the mucous membranes are not affected by PF. Patients with generalised skin lesions may develop fever, lethargy, anorexia, and lymph node enlargement. Immune-mediated diseases are not primarily itchy, but 25-50% of patients with PF have pruritus, which can be severe, especially with secondary bacterial or Malassezia infections.</p>
<h2>Diagnosis</h2>
<p>Diagnosis is based on history, clinical presentation, exclusion of differential diagnoses such as pyoderma, other immune-mediated dermatoses, dermatophytosis, demodicosis, leishmaniasis, and neoplasia (especially squamous cell carcinomas and epitheliotropic lymphomas), and finally cytological and pathohistological examination. PF can occur in all dog breeds and mixed breeds. A predisposition has been described in some breeds such as Bearded Collies, Newfoundlands, Dobermans, Spitz, and Dachshunds. Akita Inus and Chow Chows appear to be at particularly high risk of developing PF. In cats, there is no real breed predisposition; in most cases, it is the European Shorthair cat. However, in one study, Siamese cats (9%) and Ragdoll cats (6%) stood out. In our own patient population, Ragdoll cats also frequently present as PF patients.</p>
<p>The most important question in the history, as with all skin patients, is whether the disease was primarily itchy or whether the itching – if present – only occurred after the skin lesions. The most important differential diagnosis of PF is pyoderma, which in most cases is primarily itchy as a result of an allergy.</p>
<p>The clinical picture in cats is particularly suggestive of PF when they show classic nail fold and perimamillary changes or pustules on the inside of the ear flap. Cytology is a very important step in the diagnosis. The best material for the examination is the contents of the pustules, obtained by needle aspiration. The pustule is opened with the needle, and the exudate is smeared onto a slide or, if the amount is small, prepared by touch imprint. If no pustules are present, the underside of detached crusts and the remaining skin erosion are firmly touched to the glass slide.<br />
The cytological preparation usually shows masses of neutrophilic granulocytes in which the typical acantholytic cells are embedded (Fig. 5). These keratinocytes, which have become detached from the cell clusters, are rounded and have a darker cytoplasm than normal squamous epithelial cells, as well as a large nucleus that may also contain a nucleolus. Acantholytic cells are a clear but not pathognomonic indication of the presence of PF. They can also be found in cytological samples of chronic dermatitis of other origin.</p>

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<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/pemphigus-foliaceus-in-dogs-and-cats/cat_with_pf_in-remission-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="683" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cat_with_PF_in-remission-1024x683.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Cat with PF in remission" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cat_with_PF_in-remission-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cat_with_PF_in-remission-300x200.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cat_with_PF_in-remission-768x512.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cat_with_PF_in-remission.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>
<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/pemphigus-foliaceus-in-dogs-and-cats/pf_in_a_dog_with_crusty_changes_on_the_nasal_planum_and_nasal_bridge-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PF_in_a_dog_with_crusty_changes_on_the_nasal_planum_and_nasal_bridge-1024x768.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="PF in a dog with crusty changes on the nasal planum and nasal bridge" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PF_in_a_dog_with_crusty_changes_on_the_nasal_planum_and_nasal_bridge-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PF_in_a_dog_with_crusty_changes_on_the_nasal_planum_and_nasal_bridge-300x225.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PF_in_a_dog_with_crusty_changes_on_the_nasal_planum_and_nasal_bridge-768x576.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PF_in_a_dog_with_crusty_changes_on_the_nasal_planum_and_nasal_bridge.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>
<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/pemphigus-foliaceus-in-dogs-and-cats/pf_in_a_cat_with_pustules_and_crusts_on_the_pinnae-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="1024" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PF_in_a_cat_with_pustules_and_crusts_on_the_pinnae-768x1024.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="PF in a cat with pustules and crusts on the pinnae and in the temporal region" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PF_in_a_cat_with_pustules_and_crusts_on_the_pinnae-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PF_in_a_cat_with_pustules_and_crusts_on_the_pinnae-225x300.jpg 225w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/PF_in_a_cat_with_pustules_and_crusts_on_the_pinnae.jpg 900w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" /></a>
<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/pemphigus-foliaceus-in-dogs-and-cats/cheesy_deposits_in_the_paw_pad_of_a_cat-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cheesy_deposits_in_the_paw_pad_of_a_cat.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Cheesy deposits in the paw pad of a cat with PF" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cheesy_deposits_in_the_paw_pad_of_a_cat.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cheesy_deposits_in_the_paw_pad_of_a_cat-300x225.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cheesy_deposits_in_the_paw_pad_of_a_cat-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>
<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/pemphigus-foliaceus-in-dogs-and-cats/cytological_picture_of_pemphigus_foliaceus-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="767" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cytological_picture_of_pemphigus_foliaceus-1024x767.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Cytological picture of pemphigus foliaceus (PF):
there are aggregates of neutrophilic granulocytes, in which some acantholytic cells are embedded." srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cytological_picture_of_pemphigus_foliaceus-1024x767.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cytological_picture_of_pemphigus_foliaceus-300x225.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cytological_picture_of_pemphigus_foliaceus-768x575.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cytological_picture_of_pemphigus_foliaceus.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>
<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/pemphigus-foliaceus-in-dogs-and-cats/cat_with_facial_lesions-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cat_with_facial_lesions.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Cat shown in Fig. 1 with facial lesions" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cat_with_facial_lesions.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cat_with_facial_lesions-300x225.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cat_with_facial_lesions-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>


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			<p>Therefore, a pathohistological examination should always be carried out to confirm the diagnosis. In this case, the optimal material for examination is a pustule, which should ideally be removed in toto using a punch biopsy (ideally 6–8 mm). If no pustules are found in the classic locations, the next best option is to take samples from the area of thick crusts, under which acantholytic cells are usually present. If the crust detaches from the skin punch during sampling, it should definitely be placed in the sample container as well. Shaving and disinfection before the biopsy should be avoided if pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is suspected, as these procedures can damage the delicate pustules.<br />
In the presence of secondary infection or advanced disease, clinical symptoms may be obscured, making diagnosis more difficult, with this autoimmune disease often not being included in the differential diagnoses. In such cases, cytology often shows only isolated or no acantholytic cells, in addition to inflammatory cells and microorganisms, and pathohistology may also not provide a clear result. One reason for the development of these complicated cases may be inconsistent pretreatment with antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs when a definitive diagnosis was not made before the use of these medications. If cytological examination in these complex patients only indicates secondary infection, appropriate treatment for the bacteria or Malassezia should always be performed before obtaining samples for pathohistology. In cats, Malassezia dermatitis is almost never due to allergy alone, as it is in dogs; rather, Malassezia in this species usually indicates a more serious underlying disease process.</p>
<h2>Therapy</h2>
<p>The treatment of pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is based on the use of immunosuppressive drugs, either as monotherapy or, more commonly, in combination with different agents. Glucocorticoids are usually employed as the first-line treatment.<br />
High doses are typically required in the early stages, with dexamethasone sometimes proving more effective for cats. The aim of the treatment is to achieve remission or at least a significant improvement in symptoms as quickly as possible, initially with high doses, and then to reduce the dose to the lowest level at which the patient can be kept under control (“hit hard, then back off”) to avoid side effects. If glucocorticoid monotherapy is insufficient to halt the progression of skin lesions, combination therapies with azathioprine (not for cats!), cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, and mycophenolate mofetil are viable options.<br />
Depending on the study, cyclosporin shows varying success rates and frequent side effects; the off-label use of oclacitinib has also demonstrated varying degrees of success in the treatment of dogs and cats with PF in case reports and pilot studies.<br />
Topical preparations containing tacrolimus or glucocorticoids, such as hydrocortisone aceponate, can be used in combination with systemic therapy and sometimes even as monotherapy.</p>
<h2>Prognosis</h2>
<p>The prognosis for patients with pemphigus foliaceus (PF) varies greatly depending on the study; however, in general, cats have a much better prognosis (90% remission) than dogs. More recent studies indicate that treatment for dogs is also successful: 52% of dogs achieved complete remission, 35% partial remission, and only 13% were euthanised. The reasons for euthanasia in these 13% of patients included no response to treatment in only 36% of cases, unacceptable side effects in 18%, and pemphigus-unrelated or unknown circumstances in 46%. The average duration of remission in dogs is reported very differently: Almela and Chan (2021) report 4 to 7 weeks, while Mueller et al. (2006) report 7 to 12 months, depending on the treatment protocol. In cats, remission usually occurs within a month. In most patients, immunosuppressive therapy must be continued for life, as relapses are very common after complete withdrawal of the drugs. However, in studies, 2% and 12% of dogs, as well as 17% of cats, were reported to be without any relapse during the observation period after withdrawal of all medications.</p>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>Pemphigus foliaceus is the most commonly diagnosed autoimmune skin disease in dogs and cats. Cytology can help exclude differential diagnoses and confirm the clinical suspicion of PF; the final diagnosis is made through the pathohistological examination of punch biopsies. Immunosuppressive medications, often in combination with several drugs, are used therapeutically. Most patients respond well to the therapy, but it may take some time to achieve complete remission.</p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><em>Dr Maria Christian</em></p>
<blockquote><p>
<strong>Laboratory Services Relating to the Topic:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Cytology</li>
<li>Pathohistology</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>

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			<h5><strong>Further reading</strong></h5>
<h6><strong><span style="color: #808080;">Almela RM, Chan T. Review of pemphigus foliaceus in dogs and cats. Today’s Veterinary Practice. November/December 2021; 11 (6): 57-68</span></strong></h6>
<h6><strong><span style="color: #808080;">Bizikova P, Burrows A. Feline pemphigus foliaceus: original case series and a comprehensive literature review. BMC Vet Res. 2019; 15(1):1-15.</span></strong></h6>
<h6><strong><span style="color: #808080;">Mueller RS, Krebs I, Power HT, Fieseler KV. Pemphigus foliaceus in 91 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2006; 42:189–196.</span></strong></h6>
<h6><strong><span style="color: #808080;">Olivry T, Bergvall KE, Atlee BA. Prolonged remission after immuno- suppressive therapy in six dogs with pemphigus foliaceus. Veterinary Dermatology 2004; 15: 245–52.</span></strong></h6>

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<p class="fancy-title entry-title color-accent start-animation-done start-animation"><a href="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Pemphigus_Foliaceus_in_Dogs_and_Cats.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Pemphigus Foliaceus in Dogs and Cats</strong></a></p>
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		<title>Erythema multiforme complex in cats and dogs</title>
		<link>https://laboklin.com/fr/erythema-multiforme-complex-in-cats-and-dogs/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nadja Hartmann]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Jul 2024 10:05:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[LABOKLIN aktuell Dermatology 2024]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://laboklin.com/erythema-multiforme-complex-in-cats-and-dogs/</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Alopecia in dogs can have many causes. There may be alopecia secondary to scratching, licking or pulling of hair in dogs with pruritus.]]></description>
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			<p>The umbrella term <strong>erythema multiforme (EM) complex </strong>covers a group of rare immunemediated diseases in dogs and cats, in which cytotoxic T-cell-mediated destruction of epidermal keratinocytes leads to vesicles, detachments, and ulcers in the skin and cutaneous mucous membranes.<br />
The classification of these diseases is complex and sometimes controversial. However, a distinction is made between EM minor, EM major, Stevens-Johnson syndrome <strong>(SJS)</strong>, and toxic epidermal necrolysis <strong>(TEN)</strong>, depending on the extent of the skin and mucosal surface involved. The exact pathogenesis of EM in pets is unclear, but the activation of T lymphocytes by viral antigens or drugs is suspected, resulting in the recognition and destruction of keratinocytes.</p>
<h2>EM in human medicine</h2>
<p>In human medicine, EM (minor) was first described in 1860 by Ferdinand von Hebra. This condition is typically a self-limiting acute skin disease, characterised by &lsquo;target lesions&rsquo; that primarily affect the limbs. While EM in humans generally has an infectious aetiology, such as Herpes simplex or Mycoplasma pneumoniae, SJS/TEN is most often the result of an adverse drug. EM minor usually has a mild clinical course.</p>
<p>In contrast, SJS/TEN and TEN are dermatological emergencies that necessitate extensive, intensive medical treatment.</p>
<p>In 1993, an internationally recognised standardised classification was developed to objectively differentiate between TEN, SJS, and EM (see Table 1). In human medicine, there are two internationally recognised guidelines for the treatment of SJS; however, no such document yet exists for EM. For SJS/TEN, the primary focus is on discontinuing the causative medication and providing intensive supportive therapy, especially in patients with extensive skin detachment. The use of immunosuppressive drugs remains controversial.<br />
In particular, for intubated patients with central catheters, it involves a trade-off between an increased risk of sepsis and the potential benefit of preventing further progression of skin detachment. However, literature suggests that treatment with ciclosporins may reduce both the mortality rate and the progression of skin detachment.</p>
<p>In both human and veterinary medicine, <strong>TEN </strong>is a serious disease associated with a high mortality rate, even with intensive therapy. In human medicine, a prognostic assessment of mortality risk can be made using a scoring system based on various parameters. A low score (0-1) correlates with a relatively low mortality rate of 3.2%, while a score greater than 4 indicates a mortality risk of over 90% (see Table 2). Some prognostic factors (e.g., heart rate, urea) have yet to be evaluated in veterinary medicine. Interestingly, in human medicine, paediatric patients exhibit a significantly lower mortality rate compared to adults. However, it can generally be assumed that mortality in dogs and cats correlates with the extent of the affected body surface area.</p>

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<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/erythema-multiforme-complex-in-cats-and-dogs/initial_skin_detachment_in_the_area-2-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="647" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Initial_skin_detachment_in_the_area-1-1024x647.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Initial_skin_detachment_in_the_area-1-1024x647.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Initial_skin_detachment_in_the_area-1-300x190.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Initial_skin_detachment_in_the_area-1-768x485.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Initial_skin_detachment_in_the_area-1.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>
<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/erythema-multiforme-complex-in-cats-and-dogs/progression_to_extensive_skin_detachments_on_the_face-2-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="689" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Progression_to_extensive_skin_detachments_on_the_face-1-1024x689.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Progression_to_extensive_skin_detachments_on_the_face-1-1024x689.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Progression_to_extensive_skin_detachments_on_the_face-1-300x202.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Progression_to_extensive_skin_detachments_on_the_face-1-768x516.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Progression_to_extensive_skin_detachments_on_the_face-1.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>
<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/erythema-multiforme-complex-in-cats-and-dogs/skin_lesions_on_the_ventral_abdomen_of_a_cat-2-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="563" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Skin_lesions_on_the_ventral_abdomen_of_a_cat-1-1024x563.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Skin_lesions_on_the_ventral_abdomen_of_a_cat-1-1024x563.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Skin_lesions_on_the_ventral_abdomen_of_a_cat-1-300x165.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Skin_lesions_on_the_ventral_abdomen_of_a_cat-1-768x422.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Skin_lesions_on_the_ventral_abdomen_of_a_cat-1.jpg 1046w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>
<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/erythema-multiforme-complex-in-cats-and-dogs/lymphohistiocytic_border_zone_dermatitis-2-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="851" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Lymphohistiocytic_border_zone_dermatitis-1-1024x851.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Lymphohistiocytic_border_zone_dermatitis-1-1024x851.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Lymphohistiocytic_border_zone_dermatitis-1-300x249.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Lymphohistiocytic_border_zone_dermatitis-1-768x638.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Lymphohistiocytic_border_zone_dermatitis-1.jpg 1386w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>


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			<p><strong>Table 1: </strong>Consensus definition of severe blistering skin reactions (human medicine)</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr bgcolor="e51e1e">
<td><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Criteria</strong></span></td>
<td><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>EM minor</strong></span></td>
<td><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>EM major</strong></span></td>
<td><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>SJS/TEN overlap</strong></span></td>
<td><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>TEN with maculae</strong></span></td>
<td><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>TEN without maculae</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Skin detachment</strong></td>
<td>&lt;10%</td>
<td>&lt;10%</td>
<td>10-30%</td>
<td>&gt;30%</td>
<td>&gt;10%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Target lesions</strong></td>
<td>typical or atypical</td>
<td>atypical</td>
<td>atypical</td>
<td>atypical</td>
<td>atypical</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Raised lesions</strong></td>
<td>yes</td>
<td>no</td>
<td>no</td>
<td>no</td>
<td>no</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Distribution</strong></td>
<td>primarily on trunk</td>
<td>primarily on limbs</td>
<td>primarily on limbs</td>
<td>primarily on limbs</td>
<td>primarily on limbs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Progression to TEN</strong></td>
<td>no</td>
<td>possible</td>
<td>possible/likely</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
<td>&#8211;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Table 2: </strong>Scoring system by type of score (human medicine)</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr bgcolor="e51e1e">
<td><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Criteria</strong></span></td>
<td><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Points</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Age &gt;40</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heart rate &gt;120</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Underlying malignant tumour disease</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Skin detachment &gt;10% on the first day</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Urea &gt;10 mmol/L</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bicarbonate &lt;20 mmol/L</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Serum glucose &gt;14 mmol/l</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="e51e1e">
<td><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Scorten score</strong></span></td>
<td><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>Risk of mortality</strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0-1</td>
<td>3,2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>12,1%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>35,8%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>58,3%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&gt;4</td>
<td>&gt;90%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>EM for cats and dogs</h2>
<p>EM is a rare skin disease that affects 0.4% of canine dermatological patients and 0.11% of feline patients, according to a study conducted at an American university hospital. The incidence of SJS/TEN and TEN remains unknown. In humans, a diagnosis of EM requires evidence of typical or atypical target lesions; however, classic target lesions are observed in only a minority of cases in dogs and cats. EM presents with variable clinical features but is often characterised by bilaterally symmetrical maculopapular eruptions that primarily affect the axilla and groin, as well as the oral mucosa, pinna, and footpads.</p>
<p>These lesions are painful but generally non-pruritic. While EM is strongly associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in humans, adverse drug reactions appear to be the primary cause in veterinary medicine.<br />
Various medications, including antibiotics (e.g., chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin), antiparasitics (e.g., ivermectin, moxidectin, levamisole), and even shampoos (e.g., benzoyl peroxide), can trigger EM in dogs (see case study Figures 1 and 2). Known infectious triggers include anal sac inflammation, pneumocystis infections, as well as herpes and parvovirus infections. In cats, EM may be associated with feline herpesvirus infection (FHV-1, Figure 3) or adverse drug reactions. Additionally, neoplasia might be an underlying cause, and thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis may represent a form of EM in cats. In a significant proportion of cases, no identifiable trigger is found, and the disease is considered idiopathic.</p>
<p>Since target lesions, considered pathognomonic in human medicine, often do not appear in veterinary medicine, diagnosing EM requires a thorough medical history, including previous drug therapy, as well as clinical findings and <strong>pathohistological examination</strong>.<br />
The pathohistological picture of EM is characterised by transepidermal keratinocyte apoptosis with lymphocytic satellitosis, accompanied by lymphohistiocytic interface dermatitis and ulceration (see Figure 4).</p>
<p>The treatment of diseases within the EM complex depends primarily on the severity and extent of the changes. Mild cases of EM minor can be self-limiting, whereas EM major, SJS/ TEN, and TEN often require intensive supportive therapy. In general, efforts should be made to identify and, if possible, eliminate the trigger, such as discontinuing any medication suspected of causing an adverse reaction. If the trigger can be eliminated, the skin lesions in EM patients resulting from an adverse drug reaction typically heal over several weeks without the need for immunomodulatory therapy. If the cause of EM cannot be identified, or if the severity of the disease warrants it, immunosuppressants such as glucocorticoids, azathioprine, and ciclosporins may be used. Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) are another, albeit cost-intensive, therapy option. However, recent data from human medicine indicate that IVIG has no significant effect on the mortality rate of TEN, at least in adult patients.</p>
<p>The treatment of SJS/TEN overlap and TEN is based on three fundamental principles:</p>
<ol>
<li>Discontinuation of medications suspected to be the trigger or addressing the underlying cause, such as bacterial infections.</li>
<li>Correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalances.</li>
<li>Prevention of wound infections and sepsis due to skin detachment and ulcers.</li>
</ol>
<p>Additionally, efforts should be made to minimise the progression of skin detachments through immunomodulatory therapy. This aspect of treatment remains controversial, as such therapy may increase the risk of sepsis. Data from human medicine indicate that ciclosporins can reduce mortality in patients with TEN, likely due to their inhibition of T-cell function via the calcineurin phosphatase pathway.</p>
<p>Diseases of the EM complex present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, where pathohistological examination is crucial for accurate diagnosis. Our clinical and dermatopathological team is available to assist with complex skin cases.</p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><em>Ines Hoffmann</em></p>

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			<h5><strong>Further literature</strong></h5>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Banovic F, Olivry T, Artlet B, Rothstein E, Beco L, Linek M et al. Hyperkeratotic erythema multiforme variant in 17 dogs. Veterinary dermatology 2023;34 (2):125–133. DOI: 10.1111/vde.13141.</strong></span></h6>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Boehm TMSA., Klinger CJ, Udraite L, Mueller RS. Die Haut als Zielscheibe – Erythema multiforme bei Hund und Katze. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2017;45 (5):352–356. DOI: 10.15654/TPK-170119.</strong></span></h6>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Grünwald P, Mockenhaupt M, Panzer R, Emmert S. Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis &#8211; diagnosis and treatment. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology: JDDG 2020;18 (6): 547–553. DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14118.</strong></span></h6>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Miller WH, Griffin GE, Campbell KL. Muller &amp; Kirk&rsquo;s small animal dermatology. 7th edition. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier/Saunders; 2017</strong></span></h6>

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<p class="fancy-title entry-title color-accent start-animation-done start-animation"><a href="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Erythema_multiforme_complex_cats_dogs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Erythema multiforme complex in cats and dogs</strong></a></p>
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		<title>Equine dermatology problems – useful laboratory diagnostics</title>
		<link>https://laboklin.com/fr/equine-dermatology-problems-useful-laboratory-diagnostics/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nadja Hartmann]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2024 10:19:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[LABOKLIN aktuell HORSE 2024]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[LABOKLIN aktuell Dermatology 2024]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://laboklin.com/?p=1517100</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[While horses are not large dogs, there are many procedures, such as dermatological examinations, that are very similar to those used in dogs.]]></description>
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			<p>While horses are not large dogs, there are many procedures, such as dermatological examinations, that are very similar to those used in dogs.</p>
<p>The most important aspect is certainly the detailed patient history, as this often accounts for 70% of the diagnosis. This is often difficult, especially with horses, because who is the right person to contact – the owner, the rider, the trainer or the groom?</p>
<p>After a detailed history is obtained, a clinical examination should be performed. The horse should be examined from front to back, and from top to bottom. Mucous membranes and mucocutaneous junctions, hooves, chestnuts, ventral abdominal suture and ganaches, nothing should be forgotten.</p>
<p>A list of differential diagnoses is then drawn up, these are then ruled out or confirmed with the dermatological examination. Laboklin offers a comprehensive brochure on the subject of dermatological examinations, in which all examinations are explained and illustrated in detail. Some of the examinations described here can be carried out in the practice, but all of them can of course be sent to the laboratory!</p>
<h2>The superficial skin scraping</h2>
<p>To perform a skin scraping, we need a sharp spoon or scalpel blade (used ones have proven to be effective as they minimise the risk of injury), paraffin oil, a microscope slide including cover slip, and a good quality microscope.</p>
<p>This superficial skin scraping is mainly used in horses to search for parasites such as Chorioptes bovis (formerly C equi), in rare cases also for Psoroptes, Sarcoptes or the red bird mite.</p>
<p>The scalpel blade and/or skin must be well moistened with paraffin oil. Then scrape very gently to obtain the largest possible amount of scales/ material. The material adhering to the blade is carefully placed on a microscope slide with a drop of paraffin oil, mixed well and covered with a cover slip. The material adhering to the blade is carefully placed on a microscope slide with a drop of paraffin oil, mixed well and covered with a cover slip. The microscopic assessment is then carried out with the 4X magnification by systematically scanning the entire surface of the slide (in an orderly fashion (eg, scan in a “down, across, then down, across” pattern).</p>

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<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/equine-dermatology-problems-useful-laboratory-diagnostics/horse_with_pemphigus_foliaceus-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="679" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Horse_with_pemphigus_foliaceus-1024x679.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Horse_with_pemphigus_foliaceus-1024x679.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Horse_with_pemphigus_foliaceus-300x199.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Horse_with_pemphigus_foliaceus-768x510.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Horse_with_pemphigus_foliaceus.jpg 1230w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>
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<a href='https://laboklin.com/fr/equine-dermatology-problems-useful-laboratory-diagnostics/marked_area_is_injected_with_lidocaine_during_skin_biopsy-2/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="679" src="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/marked_area_is_injected_with_lidocaine_during_skin_biopsy-1024x679.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" srcset="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/marked_area_is_injected_with_lidocaine_during_skin_biopsy-1024x679.jpg 1024w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/marked_area_is_injected_with_lidocaine_during_skin_biopsy-300x199.jpg 300w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/marked_area_is_injected_with_lidocaine_during_skin_biopsy-768x510.jpg 768w, https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/marked_area_is_injected_with_lidocaine_during_skin_biopsy.jpg 1230w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a>


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			<p>Since a Chorioptes infestation usually causes itchy changes on the fetlocks, you can also hold a petri dish under the affected area and scrape material into it with a scalpel blade.</p>
<h2>The trichogram</h2>
<p>For <strong>trichoscopy</strong>, you need a mosquito clamp, a microscope slide, oil and a microscope. The hairs are pulled out in the direction of the hairline and placed on a microscope slide with a drop of paraffin oil. The samples are covered with a cover slip and analysed with the 4x and 10x magnification.</p>
<p>Trichoscopy can be used to diagnose dermatophytosis, however, this requires a certain amount of skill on the part of the examiner. The infected hair is often covered with spores and interspersed with hyphae. They therefore have an irregular (‘dirty’ looking) surface and are broken off at one end.<br />
However, a fungal culture or PCR is necessary in all cases to determine the type of dermatophyte.</p>
<p>Sometimes hair lice or their nits are also found on the hair.</p>
<p>The trichogram can also be useful in the diagnosis of non-inflammatory alopecia. Malformed roots can be found in follicular dystrophies/dysplasias and alopecia areata.</p>
<h2>Fungal examination</h2>
<p>This requires a mosquito clamp, small paper bags for transporting the test material and Petri dishes with Sabouraud agar and DTM (Dermatophyte Test Medium) double culture medium.</p>
<h2>Fungal culture and PCR</h2>
<p>If dermatophytosis is suspected, hair samples should be sent to the laboratory. A fungal culture and/or PCR detection can be carried out in the laboratory. The hair is plucked from the edge of the suspected lesion.</p>
<h2>Cytological examination</h2>
<p>The cytological examination is one of the most important and most frequently performed examinations in dermatology. It requires: microscope slides with a frosted edge for labelling, hypodermic needles, syringes, cotton swabs, scalpel blades, adhesive strips, staining solution, good quality microscope with 100X immersion magnification and immersion oil.</p>
<p>The cytological examination of samples is a useful, quick and inexpensive method for obtaining important information about an efflorescence within a few minutes. Depending on the skin change and localisation, there are various techniques for obtaining samples.</p>
<h2>Fine-needle aspiration</h2>
<p>This technique can be used for all types of nodules. In principle, 20 &#8211; 25 G hyperdermic needles and 2 &#8211; 20 ml syringes can be used. As a general rule, the softer the tissue to be aspirated, the finer the needle should be.</p>
<p>The syringe is inserted into the tissue to be analysed and a vacuum is created. The needle is then retracted beneath the surface of the tissue and additionally reinserted at least twice in different directions in order to aspirate different areas of the lesion. To prevent the aspirated material from the needle from entering the syringe, the vacuum is released while the cannula is still in the tissue. The cannula is removed again, air is aspirated into the syringe, the needle is replaced and the contents of the needle are squeezed out onto the centre of one or more slides. Smearing should take place immediately after removal.</p>
<h2>Impression cytology</h2>
<p>This technique is used for all exudative lesionss, oily and scaly skin surfaces, pustules and crusts, cut surfaces of skin incisions or excision biopsies after the removed mass has been cut in half. In principle, a slide is ‘slapped’ onto the area from which the sample is to be taken. In the case of a crusty skin change, either the underside of the crust is pressed onto the slide or the crust is removed and the slide is pressed onto the now exposed area under the crust.</p>
<h2>Staining techniques</h2>
<p>The slides must first be air-dried.<br />
In practice, modified rapid staining according to Wright is most commonly used (e.g. Diff Quik® or Hemacolor®). The slide is immersed in the fixing agent followed by the red and blue staining agents for 5 seconds each. It is then gently rinsed off with tap or distilled water and allowed to air dry. The quality of the staining is sufficient to assess inflammatory exudate and gross neoplastic tissue.</p>
<h2>Assesment/Evaluation</h2>
<p>First, get an overview with the lowest magnification on the microscope. Then look for an area on the slide where the cells are well stained and lie next to each other. Then go to the high magnification, where the cells and bacteria can be best assessed. The 100 mm objective with oil immersion provides a particularly impressive image.</p>
<h2>The skin biopsy</h2>
<p>For some skin conditions, a biopsy is the only method of coming to a definitive diagnosis. In principle, the more samples and the larger the samples, the more likely it is that a conclusive result will be obtained. Any secondary infections should be treated prior to the samples being taken, as otherwise no meaningful result can be obtained. It is also very helpful to provide the pathologist with a detailed patient history, as the pathologist is often unable to make a definitive diagnosis without a precise medical history.</p>
<p>In addition to basic surgical instruments, you will need scissors to trim the hair above the lesions, a coloured pencil to mark the lesions to be removed, 2% lidocaine without adrenaline, syringes, biopsy punches with a diameter of 6 and 8 mm, swabs and a container with 4 to 10% formalin. A biopsy is always indicated if lesions have an unusual appearance, no successful treatment has been achieved, the biopsy is the only diagnostic option or a tumour is suspected and a preoperative clarification of the tissue is required.</p>
<p>When taking samples, it is very important to leave the surface layers of the skin untouched.<br />
For this reason, the hair must be trimmed very carefully and the skin must never be pre-treated with surgical disinfectants. The hair is shortened to a length of 0.5 cm using hair scissors. The lesions to be examined must remain intact.</p>
<p>Biopsies are generally taken under local anaesthetic. After the site has been marked, between 0.5 and 1 ml of 2% lidocaine is injected. Distribute the agent evenly in several directions and wait a few minutes.</p>
<p>Several biopsies (at least 3) are then taken using a biopsy punch. The number depends on the diversity of the lesions in order to cover an as representative spectrum of the clinical picture as possible. It should be kept in consideration that fresh changes are much more informative than old ones. The skin surface is stretched between the thumb and index finger and pierced with the punch using a twisting and pressing motion. The punch is then withdrawn, the punch cylinder is held with tweezers at the subcutaneous tissue, lifted up and the biopsy is cut off at the still adhering tissue thread. The tissue cylinder should not be held against the epidermis or dermis with the tweezers, as this can lead to artefacts and make assessment more difficult.</p>
<p>After removal, the biopsies are carefully placed on a piece of gauze to remove any blood that may interfere with histopathological assessment. The tissue biopsy is then placed in the formalin.</p>
<p>The wound edges of the punch are adapted with one or two sutures or left open.</p>
<h2>The bacteriological examination</h2>
<p>A bacteriological examination is necessary in the case of recurrent pyoderma, pyoderma that is resistant after 4 &#8211; 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy, rods found in the cytological examination, non-healing wounds and pyogranulomatous inflammation or if required by law. The skin lesion must not be disinfected before the sample is taken. Areas of skin under a crust are suitable for taking a swab sample. The swab is then placed in the transport medium and stored in the refrigerator until it is removed.</p>
<h2>PCR examinations</h2>
<p>On the one hand, many infectious agents can be detected by PCR testing, and on the other hand, numerous genetic tests for hereditary diseases or colours can be carried out. The sample material for infection diagnostics depends on the pathogen and the stage of infection; EDTA blood (except in the case of graying) or approx. 20 mane/tail hairs with roots are suitable for genetic tests. You can find our comprehensive range of services on our homepage and in the compendium.</p>
<h2>Allergy tests for horses</h2>
<p>The diagnosis of allergy should always be a clinical diagnosis based on a thorough medical history and clinical examination. The allergy test only serves to identify the triggering allergens so that they can then be specifically avoided or &#8211; in the case of atopic dermatitis, insect hypersensitivity (sweet itch) or allergy-related respiratory diseases (equine asthma) &#8211; allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT, hyposensitisation) can be carried out. The test result must therefore always be interpreted in conjunction with the clinic and medical history. Glucocorticoid administration can falsify the allergy test resulting in particular false negative results. The discontinuation periods for steroids before an allergy test are generally up to 3 months for sustained-release injections, 6 &#8211; 8 weeks for oral prednisolone and 2 &#8211; 4 weeks for topical formulations (local ointments, sprays, otics, etc.).</p>
<p>We offer cost-effective step-by-step diagnostics with a preliminary allergy test and the main tests (seasonal and year-round allergens, insects) and also a food allergy test. A brand new addition to our programme is the PAX complete test (environmental allergens and/or feed) for horses, in which allergen extracts and recombinant allergens are tested. For details, please refer to our homepage, the compendium or the allergy order form. Allergen-specific immunotherapy can of course also be obtained directly from us.</p>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>Dermatology is detective work or a jigsaw puzzle, you have to collect many ‘clues’ or ‘pieces of the puzzle’ to arrive at a diagnosis. The detailed patient history, the clinical examination of the horse&rsquo;s skin and the inclusion or exclusion of differential diagnoses through various dermatological examinations ultimately lead to the final diagnosis of the skin disease.</p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><em>Dr. Regina Wagner</em></p>

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			<h5><strong>Further literature</strong></h5>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Laboklin. Laboruntersuchungen bei dermatologischen Problemen. Broschüre; 2021.</strong></span></h6>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Peters S. DermaSkills: Dermatologie in der Kleintierpraxis – Diagnostik mit System. Stuttgart: Schattauer; 2015. (nur Hund und Katze)</strong></span></h6>
<h6><span style="color: #808080;"><strong>Littlewood JD, Lloyd DH, Mark CJ. Practical Equine Dermatology. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell; 2021.</strong></span></h6>

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			<p><strong><a href="https://laboklin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Equine_dermatology_problems–useful_laboratory_diagnostics.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Equine dermatology problems – useful laboratory diagnostics</a></strong></p>

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